In-house validation for analytical methods and quality control for risk evaluation of chlordecone in food

Chlordecone was used until 1993 as a pesticide in the banana plantation of Martinique and Guadeloupe (French Antilles) against the root borer. This organochlorine pesticide was lipophilic, remnant, and toxic for human beings with both acute and chronic effects. Chlordecone was strongly absorbed and stored in soil and weakly decomposed in environment. Surveys conducted in 2001 revealed its presence in soil, rivers, and domestic food products. Local food (fruits and vegetables, cattle, poultry, and fish) was growing on soils, widely contaminated by chlordecone, used in the past as banana plantations. In 2003, French Administration asked for a risk evaluation for the Antilles population. The French Agency for Food Safety, proposed a Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake of 0.0005?mg?kg^?1?b.w.?day^?1, and an Acute Reference Dose of 0.01?mg?kg^?1?b.w.?day^?1, based on a toxicological risk assessment. The French National Reference Laboratory for pesticides has carried out two analytical methods, one for food of animal origin and another for food of fruit and vegetable origin. These methods were validated in the reference laboratory and dispatched to 13 laboratories for a proficiency test before the launch of two studies on Martinique and Guadeloupe food. About 900 samples from Martinique were sent to the network of laboratories for analysis of chlordecone. Performance parameters obtained through the proficiency test were briefly reported. The quality control test proposed in this study was discussed to shed light on the true variability achievable by intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory analysis. The limits of conventional quality-control procedures were discussed, and a process was proposed in order to get better confidence in analytical results.     

Lipase biosensor for tributyrin and pesticide detection

Potentiometric biosensors based on Candida rugosa lipase was described for the detection of organophosphorus pesticide; methyl-parathion and tributyrin. Lipase was immobilized on the glass electrode by means of a gelatin membrane, which is then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The principle of the biosensor is based on the measurement of pH variation which was recorded in millivolts due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of tributyrin to butyric acid. For the inhibitor detection, biosensor responses were measured after pesticide treatment, which caused a drop in enzyme activity because of the irreversible inhibition. Reactivation conditions of the reused enzyme electrodes were also investigated by pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM). The limit of detection for tributyrin was estimated as 93?µM for lipase sensor within the linear range of 65–455?µM.     

A Chemical Test for Determining Biological Availability of Aged Chemicals in Soil

Abstract

Aging is one of several processes that are known to affect exposure of chemicals to organisms by decreasing the available fraction of chemical contaminants in soil. This phenomenon has important implications in the assessment of the hazards of chemicals and regulations for soil cleanup. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are potentially direct chemical indicators for assessing bioavailability of pesticides (and other chemicals). PSDs consist of lipophilic material within a semi-permeable membrane, similar to biological systems. In this study, a pesticide mixture was aged in soil for up to eight months. Earthworms and PSDs were placed in soil and chemical uptake into both was determined over time. Uptake rates into PSDs and maximum concentrations were observed to positively correlate with uptake rates and maximum concentrations in earthworms for both of the soil types studied (sandy loam, silt loam). These results indicate that PSDs may be used as a surrogate for earthworms and provide a chemical technique for assessing the availability of aged chemical residues in soil.     

Determination of organochlorine pesticides in river water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–electron capture detection

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography–electron capture detection (GC–ECD), has been developed for the extraction and determination of 14 organochlorine pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-HCH, β-HCH and δ-HCH), Lindane (γ-HCH), Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, α-Chlordane, β-Chlordane and p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE) in river water samples. Factors relevant to the microextraction efficiency, such as the kind of extraction and disperser solvent, their volume and the salt effect was investigated and optimised. In this method the appropriate mixture of extraction solvent (13.5 µL carbon disulphide) and disperser solvent (0.50 mL acetone) were rapidly injected into the aqueous sample by syringe. The values of the detection limit of the method were in the range of 0.05–0.001 µg L^?1, while the relative standard deviations for five replicates varied from 2.7 to 9.3%. A good linearity (0.9894 ≤ r ² ≤ 0.9998) and a broad linear range (0.01–200 µg L^?1) were obtained. The method exhibited enrichment factors ranging from 647 to 923, at room temperature. The relative standard deviations varied from 2.7 to 9.3% (n = 5). The relative recoveries of each pesticide from water samples at spiking levels of 2.00 and 10.0 µg L^?1 were 88.0–111.0% and 95.8–104.1%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully utilised for the preconcentration and determination of the organochlorine pesticides in the Jajrood River water samples.     

A Photochemistry Technique Using Ultraviolet Irradiation Followed by Gas-Liquid Chromatography to Confirm the Identity of Some Organochlorine Pesticides

Abstract

A procedure involving ultraviolet (UV) irradiation followed by gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) detection of photodecomposition products to confirm the identity of selected organochlorine pesticides is described. The Irradiation intensity was standardized by determining the position relative to the UV source which resulted in equal GLC peak heights for the parent compound and major photo-decomposition product after 8 minutes of exposure of a solution of heptachlor epoxide in isooctane. Chromatograms showing photo-decomposition patterns for 33 compounds are presented. Observations and comments on the applicability of this technique to organo-chlorine pesticide residue confirmation are reported.     

用于水中有机磷农药检测的离子迁移率谱仪预富集进样方法

建立了检测水中有机磷农药的离子迁移率谱仪预富集进样方法。预富集器由表面覆盖有吸附薄膜的微热板、聚四氟乙烯电路板和管座组成,具有操作简单,无需有机溶剂,自加热,热容小,功耗低等优点。以马拉硫磷检测为例,分析了富集器解吸升温速率和离子迁移率谱仪半透膜温度对检测结果的影响。采用高温短时脉冲加热和低温维持加热相结合的解吸方式,既可形成较高的进样浓度脉冲,又可减少进入漂移管的杂质,有利于提高离子迁移率谱仪检测灵敏度。实验表明:采用所述预富集及两阶段加热解吸进样方法,对水中马拉硫磷的检出限为3.9μg/L,达到了国家标准对水中有机磷检测的要求。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定白芍中99种农药残留

采用固相萃取技术(SPE)结合气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)建立了白芍中99种农药同时检测的分析方法。试样用乙酸乙酯提取,采用氨基固相萃取柱净化后,在GC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行检测,基质匹配标准曲线内标法定量。结果表明,99种农药在0.001~0.25 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r²)大于0.99,方法定量限为0.001~0.050 mg/kg。加标水平为0.05、0.10和0.20 mg/kg时,99种农药的平均回收率为66.7%~128.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=6)小于18.3%。对市售的13批样品进行测定,其中4批样品中检出微量的毒死蜱和p,p'-滴滴伊。实验证明,建立的SPE净化和GC-QqQ-MS相结合的检测方法具有准确可靠、灵敏度高等优点,适用于白芍中多农药残留的同时筛查测定。     

多菌灵农药的激光拉曼光谱分析

实验采集多菌灵农药的固体和液体拉曼光谱信号,对固体的原始拉曼光谱信号进行小波去噪预处理,利用正交试验方法筛选小波去噪参数的最优组合。结果表明,采用db2小波基函数、分解层数为2、阈值方案选择为rigrsure、重调方式为sln时,去噪效果最好,信噪比为62.483。根据不同官能团的振动模式,对去噪后的拉曼光谱分3个波数段(1 400～2 000,700～1 400,200～700 cm-1)进行谱峰归属和分析,得到了多菌灵农药分子在不同波数范围内的特征振动模式,其中,在619,725,964,1 022,1 265,1 274和1 478 cm-1处的拉曼信号较强,可作为固体多菌灵农药的特征峰。从多菌灵农药的液体拉曼光谱中,找到了629,727,1 001,1 219,1 258和1 365 cm-1特征峰,这些特征峰跟固体多菌灵农药的特征峰基本吻合。研究结果可为拉曼光谱分析技术在食品及农产品中农药残留的快速筛选提供判别依据。     

有机磷农药残留的快速定量检测方法研究

传统的农药残留检测为理化检验方法,具有前处理过程繁琐、耗时、复杂等不足,以目前农业上使用较广的毒死蜱作为研究对象,提出了一种有机磷农药残留快速定量检测方法。首先,根据毒死蜱的化学特性,综合考虑比色剂的显色效果以及二次污染问题,确定在弱碱性环境下以间苯二酚对毒死蜱进行显色反应的预处理方案;然后,通过分析0.5 ～400 mg·kg-1之间毒死蜱样品的紫外-可见光光谱数据,确定了显色反应后的特征信息主要集中在365～420 nm之间。接着,以偏最小二乘法构建全谱预测模型,其校正相关系数达到0.999 6,预测相关系数达到0.995 6,校正标准差RMSEC为2.814 7 mg·kg-1,验证标准差RMSEP为8.012 4 mg·kg-1;提取400 nm为中心波段的特征区域构建预测模型,其校正相关系数达到0.999 6,预测相关系数达到0.999 3,校正标准差RMSEC为2. 654 6 mg·kg-1,验证标准差RMSEP为3.465 5 mg·kg-1。最后,通过分析0.5～16 mg·kg-1之间毒死蜱样品的近红外光谱数据,发现其显色功能团的特征不是很明显,但会引起间苯二酚本身5 200 cm-1处吸收峰的变化。实验结果证明了所提出用于快速定量预测有机磷农药残留的方法是有效可行的,该方法通过比色剂的显色加强有机磷农药在全光谱特别是紫外-可见光范围内的信息,为实现农产品农药残留的快速检测提供了一条新途经。     

杨石先对农药化学学科的重要贡献及其学术思想

杨石先先生一生献身于我国的教育事业与化学学科的发展,在62年中为我国培养了无数高质量的科教人才。他除了长期担任南开大学校长之外, 还创建了我国大学第一个专职研究所,即元素有机化学研究所。他率先开展了我国元素有机化学与农药化学的科学研究,领导了元素有机化学国家重点实验室的建立,是我国元素有机化学和农药化学的奠基人和开拓者。他倡导用有机化学的专业知识,科学和系统地开展农药化学研究,组建队伍获得20项科研成果,发表上百篇科学与论述性论文,为我国开展自主创新农药研究事业作出重要贡献。在农药化学学科的学术思想中,他强调要弄清该学科的交叉性、系统性和内在规律性,倡导要学习国际先进经验,要结合国情自主创新,要为国家经济服务,要对世界农药科技做出贡献。他毕生对人才培养给予了特别的重视,为我国科技事业持续发展作出了重大贡献。